Problem # 32[Solved]

Questions: 1.Devise a table where you compare the main properties of s-block and d-block metals. 2. Briefly give the properties of the other two categories, i.e. metalloids and nonmetals

1- Comparison of the properties of s-Block and d-Block metals

Properties	s-Block metals (Group 1: Alkali metals, and Group 2: Alkali-earth metals)	d-Block metals/Transition metals (Group 3-Group 12)
Common physical and chemical properties	- Good Conductors of heat and electricity - Malleable and ductile - Shining surface when freshly cut - Except Mercury, all other metals are solid at room temperature - Metal-Metal bonda are called metallic bonds - Metals react with non-metals to form salts, by losing electrons, i.e. they are electropositive.
Differences
Physical properties	-Relatively soft with low M.P.	-Hard with high M.P., except Mercury that is liquid at room temperature -Used in building and construction
Chemical properties	-Very active -Low Ionization Energy(IE) -Have only one oxidation state, +1 for Group1, +2 for Group2. -Form ionic compounds -Form basic oxides -Form colorless cations -Low tendency in forming complexes. -All s-block metals occur in nature as compounds	-Less active -High Ionization Energy -Can have more than one oxidation state -Form ionic or covalent compounds when in low or high oxidation state respectively -Form basic, amphoteric, and acidic oxides depending on their oxidation states. -Many form colored cations -Form easily complexes (coordination compounds) -Few d-block metals appear in nature as metals, ex: Gold

2- The third block, located in the right region of the Periodic Table is called p-Block (Group 13-Group 18). This block is less uniform; it consists of metals, metalloids or semimetals, and nonmetals.

(i) Nonmetals

Nonmetals are located at the extreme right of the Periodic Table. As their name indicates, they don’t have the properties of metals. They are found in Group 14-Group 18.

Physical properties:

- Less uniform compared to metals: some are gaseous, others solid, and one is liquid (Bromine) at room temperature.

- They don’t conduct heat and electricity, and some are used as electrical insulators.

Chemical properties:

- They are electronegative i.e. capture electron (s) to form negative ions or anions; but few of them, when combined with very electronegative elements such as Oxygen and Fluorine, form species where they have positive oxidation states: SO₄^2-[S(VI)], NO₃^-[N(V)], ClO₄^-[Cl(VII)].

- They have generally high Ionization Energy.

- Nonmetal-Nonmetal combination is realized through covalent bonds.

- They form acidic oxides

(ii) Metalloids or Semi-metals

Metalloids are located in a region, diagonal of p-block, from Boron to Tellurium.

- All metalloids are solid at room temperature.

- The properties of Elements in this category are not clearly cut; depending on the conditions, they behave either as metals or non-metals.

- They are used as semi-conductors.

- They form amphoteric oxides, i.e. they react as acids when reacted with bases, and as bases when reacted with acids.

(iii) Metals of p-block, lower left region (Group 13-Group 16).

- Have metallic properties

- Their oxides are generally amphoteric